Rhinitis sicca, dry nose and atrophic rhinitis: a review of the literature

The study titled "Rhinitis sicca, dry nose and atrophic rhinitis: a review of the literature" by Tanja Hildenbrand, Rainer K. Weber, and Detlef Brehmer provides a comprehensive overview of the various conditions associated with the symptom of a dry nose (DN), such as rhinitis sicca, atrophic rhinitis, and Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS). The study examines the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for these conditions, highlighting the complexity and variability in clinical presentation.

### Summary of Findings:

**1. Lack of Clear Definitions:**

The term "dry nose" lacks a precise definition and is used to describe a range of symptoms from a subjective sensation of dryness to visible crusting of the nasal mucosa. The term "rhinitis sicca" is commonly used by ENT specialists, though it too lacks a clear and consistent definition. The conditions discussed include rhinitis sicca anterior, primary and secondary atrophic rhinitis, and ENS, each with its own set of symptoms and underlying causes.

**2. Symptoms:**

Symptoms of dry nose can vary widely and may include:

- Sensation of dryness in the nose.

- Itching or a mild burning sensation.

- Nasal obstruction.

- Crusting or scabbing inside the nose, often accompanied by an unpleasant smell.

- Epistaxis (nosebleeds).

- Diminished sense of smell (hyposmia or anosmia).

**3. Causes:**

The causes of dry nose are multifaceted, involving various diseases, environmental factors, and physiological changes. Some common factors include:

- Mechanical irritation or trauma.

- Climatic or environmental factors such as dry air.

- Workplace conditions involving exposure to dust or chemicals.

- Side effects of medications, including those used to treat nasal congestion.

- Aging, which leads to anatomical changes and reduced mucociliary clearance.

- Anatomical changes due to surgery or trauma.

- Infections and systemic diseases like Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, or tuberculosis.

- The wound healing phase following nasal surgery.

**4. Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS):**

ENS is a particularly severe and complex condition resulting from over-resection of the nasal turbinates, which are crucial for proper airflow and humidification of the air we breathe. The study emphasizes that uncritical resection of these turbinates, particularly the inferior and middle turbinates, can lead to ENS, a form of secondary atrophic rhinitis (SAR). ENS is characterized by symptoms such as paradoxical nasal obstruction (a sensation of blocked nasal airflow despite having a physically enlarged nasal cavity), dry nose, pharyngeal dryness, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), and a disturbed sense of smell. Psychological symptoms like depression can also occur due to the chronic and distressing nature of the condition.

**5. Diagnosis:**

Diagnosing dry nose and its associated conditions requires a thorough patient history and a detailed examination of the external and internal nose using endoscopy and, if necessary, imaging techniques like CT scans. Allergies and infections should also be ruled out through appropriate tests.

**6. Treatment Approaches:**

The treatment of dry nose and associated conditions is primarily conservative and focuses on symptom management. Key recommendations include:

- **Moisturization:** Using nasal sprays, ointments, or saline solutions to keep the nasal mucosa hydrated.

- **Environmental Control:** Reducing exposure to dry air, dust, and other environmental irritants.

- **Cleansing:** Regular removal of crusts to prevent infection.

- **Avoidance of Irritation:** Patients are advised to avoid unnecessary manipulation of the nasal mucosa to prevent further irritation.

- **Surgical Correction:** In cases where there is an excessively large nasal cavity due to previous surgery, reconstructive procedures may be considered to restore normal airflow and improve symptoms.

**7. Importance of Nasal Turbinates:**

The study underscores the critical role of nasal turbinates in maintaining nasal health. These structures are essential for proper air conditioning (humidifying and warming the air) and should not be removed unless absolutely necessary, as their removal can lead to severe and often irreversible complications such as ENS.

**8. Recommendations for Medical Practice:**

The study advises against radical resection of nasal turbinates and emphasizes the importance of careful surgical planning and execution. It also highlights the need for more research into effective treatments for dry nose and ENS, as current therapeutic options are largely symptomatic and do not address the underlying pathophysiology.

### Conclusion:

The research provides a detailed exploration of the conditions associated with dry nose, particularly ENS, which is identified as a severe consequence of aggressive nasal surgery. The study concludes that preventive measures, particularly in surgical practice, are essential to avoid the development of these debilitating conditions. Moreover, while current treatments offer symptomatic relief, there is a clear need for more effective therapeutic strategies to manage and prevent these disorders. The study serves as a critical reminder of the delicate balance required in ENT surgery and the significant impact that nasal structure can have on overall respiratory health.

Summary from Eugene Kern,s book: Empty Nose Syndrome Evidence Based Proposals for Inferior Turbinate Management

Here’s a list of sections and descriptions from the book "Empty Nose Syndrome: Evidence-Based Proposals for Inferior Turbinate Management" where the author mentions and describes how Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) affects quality of life, health, well-being, sleep, and the overall suffering it causes:

1. **Introduction and Overview**:

   - **Emotional and Psychological Impact**: The chapter introduces ENS and highlights the profound psychological and emotional distress it causes. It mentions that some patients have even committed suicide due to the horrific torment caused by the condition.

2. **Fundamental Features of ENS**:

   - **Physical and Emotional Suffering**: The author discusses the fundamental aspects of ENS, emphasizing the debilitating nature of the symptoms, which include severe emotional anguish and physical suffering. Patients experience breathing difficulties and other distressing symptoms.

3. **Pathophysiology of ENS**:

   - **Lack of Objective Testing**: The book mentions that the lack of objective preoperative studies to guide surgery often leads to ENS, which severely impacts the patient's quality of life. The condition arises when subjective patient reports and observational practices replace rigorous functional testing, leading to devastating outcomes.

4. **Treatment Options for ENS**:

   - **No Curative Therapies**: The chapter outlines that there are no curative or restorative therapies for ENS, leaving patients with debilitating symptoms. The only realistic management is providing emotional support and attempting to control the symptoms as much as possible.

   - **Psychological Support**: It is highlighted that over 50% of ENS patients suffer from significant anxiety and depression, necessitating psychiatric referral and compassionate mental health support.

5. **Final Thoughts and Review**:

   - **Profound Suffering**: In the concluding chapter, the author reiterates that ENS, while uncommon, is a critically important condition due to the severe physical suffering it causes, particularly with breathing difficulties. The emotional anguish is so intense that it includes a high incidence of suicidal ideation among patients.

   - **Need for Preventive Measures**: The text stresses the importance of preventing ENS through careful turbinate management, as the consequences of ENS are devastating and significantly impair the quality of life.

These sections describe the severe impact ENS has on an individual's physical and mental health, highlighting the deep suffering, anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts that can result from this condition.

American Rhinologic Society about Empty Nose Syndrome

### Empty Nose Syndrome: An Overview

#### Introduction

Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a rare but significant complication arising from nasal surgery, notably following the removal of lower turbinate tissue. Turbinates, key structures within the nasal passages, are essential for filtering, humidifying air, and sensing airflow. Conditions like allergic rhinitis or excessive use of decongestant sprays can cause turbinates to swell, leading to nasal obstruction. Surgical interventions are employed when medical treatments fail, aiming to enhance nasal airflow by altering the size and position of the turbinates. While surgery often alleviates nasal obstruction and reduces medication dependency, it can sometimes lead to ENS—a condition marked by a sensation of nasal dryness, crusting, and obstructive symptoms despite open nasal passages. The development of ENS is linked to aggressive tissue removal and nerve damage. Surgeons have adapted more conservative approaches to reduce ENS risk, utilizing techniques like submucous resection and radiofrequency ablation. However, the precise incidence of ENS remains unclear, with many patients still affected. Available treatments aim to improve quality of life for those suffering from this condition.

#### Symptoms

The hallmark of ENS is the perception of reduced nasal airflow. Despite open nasal passages, patients often feel their nose is too open due to decreased nasal resistance. Common symptoms include dryness in the nasal passages and throat, burning sensations, and crusting. Some patients report a suffocating feeling, accompanied by anxiety, depression, and poor sleep quality, which can significantly impact their daily life and work performance.

#### Causes

Nasal turbinates, composed of thin bone and mucosal lining with a rich blood supply, play a crucial role in warming and humidifying inhaled air. They also contain erectile tissue that periodically swells, creating alternating resistance patterns that may prevent pressure ulcers during sleep. The exact functions of turbinates are not fully understood, but they are believed to contribute to nasal resistance and airflow regulation. Removing large portions of turbinates can destroy many of the sensory nerves responsible for detecting air movement, leading to impaired regulation of nasal warmth and humidity. This results in dryness, crusting, and an increased presence of unhealthy bacteria. The altered airflow can also diminish the sense of smell and contribute to shallow breathing, potentially affecting oxygen exchange and causing a sensation of suffocation.

#### Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ENS often involves a thorough evaluation using the Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q), which assesses the severity and impact of symptoms. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scans can help visualize nasal structures and identify any mucosal atrophy or other conditions. The Cotton Test, where saline-soaked cotton is placed in the nasal passages, may be used to determine if symptoms improve with added moisture, guiding potential nasal enhancement procedures.

#### Treatments

Conservative treatments focus on nasal hygiene and moisturization through saline sprays, gels, oils, and irrigations. Humidifying the environment and using menthol in topical treatments can offer temporary relief. However, these methods may need frequent application and can disrupt natural mucosal protection. In cases of bacterial overgrowth, topical antibiotics may help, and topical steroids can reduce inflammation. Other treatments like estrogen creams and phosphodiesterase inhibitors aim to promote mucosal growth. Living in a humid coastal climate can also alleviate symptoms. Despite these options, many patients find inconsistent relief from conventional therapies.

#### Surgical Options

For severe ENS cases, surgery may be considered after failed conservative treatments. Surgical approaches involve augmenting the remaining turbinate tissue or implanting materials in the nasal passages to restore resistance and improve airflow patterns. Temporary materials such as hyaluronic acid may be used initially to gauge effectiveness before more permanent implants are considered. Various implant materials, including Gore-Tex, acellular dermis, hydroxyapatite, and cartilage, have shown efficacy in improving ENS symptoms. However, complications, though infrequent, may include symptom persistence, eye tearing, implant extrusion, or chronic rhinosinusitis. Some centers offer regenerative therapies like platelet-rich plasma and stem cell treatments, though their effectiveness remains uncertain.

#### Psychological Impact and Support

ENS often leads to significant psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, due to the chronic discomfort and its impact on daily life. Insurance coverage for ENS treatments may be limited, exacerbating the stress for affected individuals. Cognitive behavioral therapy and counseling can provide support for managing anxiety and depression, and medications may also be beneficial.

#### Further Information

For more detailed information or to find a rhinology specialist, visit the American Rhinologic Society's website at [American Rhinologic Society](https://www.american-rhinologic.org/).

The cotton test redistributes nasal airflow in patients with empty nose syndrome

Summary of the Study on Nasal Airflow Redistribution in Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) Using the Cotton Test

#### Background

Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a condition that can arise after sinonasal surgery, particularly following the excessive removal of inferior turbinate tissue. Patients with ENS often experience debilitating symptoms such as a paradoxical sensation of nasal obstruction, suffocation, burning, dryness, and crusting. These symptoms can severely impact their quality of life and lead to psychosocial issues, including anxiety and depression. Despite various treatments available, including submucosal implants, there remains a lack of understanding about the exact mechanisms driving symptom relief. The cotton test, involving the placement of a cotton plug in the inferior meatus of the nose, has been observed to provide rapid symptomatic relief. However, the physiological reasons behind this improvement were not well understood until now.

#### Objective

The goal of this study was to investigate the physiological mechanisms underlying the symptomatic relief provided by the cotton test. Specifically, the researchers aimed to understand how cotton placement affects nasal airflow dynamics and resistance in patients with ENS.

#### Methods

The study involved six patients diagnosed with ENS who had previously experienced symptomatic improvement from the cotton test, evidenced by a significant reduction in their ENS6Q scores. Each patient underwent sinus computed tomography (CT) scans both before and after the placement of a cotton plug in the inferior meatus. The cotton plug was marked with iohexol contrast spray for visibility in CT imaging. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was then employed to analyze changes in nasal airflow patterns, resistance, and distribution resulting from the cotton placement.

#### Results

1. **Symptomatic Improvement:** Post-cotton placement, patients showed a significant reduction in ENS6Q scores, dropping from an average of 16.8 ± 4.1 to 3.1 ± 2.4 (p < 0.001). This confirms the subjective improvement reported by the patients.

2. **Nasal Resistance:** CFD analysis revealed a 21% increase in nasal resistance following cotton placement (p < 0.05). This aligns with the understanding that the presence of the cotton plug reduces nasal airflow volume due to increased resistance.

3. **Airflow Distribution:** A key finding was a significant shift in airflow distribution. Before cotton placement, airflow was predominantly directed through the middle meatus. After placement, there was a 41% decrease in airflow through the middle meatus, and airflow became more evenly distributed between the middle and inferior meatuses (p < 0.05). This shift indicates that cotton placement restores a more balanced airflow pattern.

4. **Flow Patterns and Pressure Gradient:** The airflow trajectory changed from a jetstream predominantly through the middle meatus to a more dispersed pattern that improves airflow in the inferior meatus. The pressure gradient in the nasal cavity also became smoother and more linear after cotton placement, suggesting improved nasal resistance and airflow distribution.

#### Conclusions

The study demonstrated that the cotton test effectively increases nasal resistance and alters airflow distribution in ENS patients. The significant reduction in middle meatus airflow and the increase in airflow resistance suggest that the cotton plug helps in redistributing airflow to mimic a more normal pattern, which alleviates ENS symptoms.

#### Implications

The findings validate the use of the cotton test as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for ENS. The study highlights the importance of understanding nasal airflow dynamics and resistance in designing and implementing treatments for ENS. The insights gained from CFD analysis can help in optimizing surgical procedures, such as inferior meatus augmentation, by providing a better understanding of how airflow changes with different interventions.

Overall, this research underscores the potential of the cotton test in managing ENS and emphasizes the need for further studies to refine treatment approaches based on these physiological insights.

 

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of aggressive turbinate reductions: is it a culprit of empty nose syndrome?

 ### Summary of the Study: Computational Fluid Dynamics of Aggressive Turbinate Reductions and Empty Nose Syndrome

#### **Background**

Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a controversial condition associated with nasal surgeries, particularly aggressive inferior turbinate reductions (ITR). Despite common knowledge that ITR aims to alleviate nasal obstruction, some patients report paradoxical symptoms like nasal dryness, pain, and obstruction post-surgery. 

#### **Objective**

This study aimed to explore the relationship between aggressive ITR and ENS by analyzing nasal airflow dynamics and mucosal sensory function in patients who had undergone ITR. The goal was to identify specific factors that might contribute to the development of ENS.

#### **Methods**

- **Study Design**: The research involved a comparative analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on CT scans of the nasal cavity.

- **Participants**: 

  - **Aggressive ITR without ENS Symptoms**: 5 patients who had undergone aggressive ITR but showed no ENS symptoms.

  - **Symptomatic ENS**: 27 patients with documented ENS symptoms post-ITR.

  - **Healthy Controls**: 42 individuals with no nasal issues.

- **Evaluations**:

  - **CFD Analysis**: Compared airflow dynamics, cross-sectional areas, and nasal resistance among the groups.

  - **Questionnaires**: Utilized SNOT-22, NOSE, and ENS6Q to assess nasal symptoms and quality of life.

  - **Trigeminal Function**: Measured through menthol lateralization detection thresholds (LDTs) to assess sensory function.

#### **Results**

1. **Nasal Airflow and Resistance**:

   - Both aggressive ITR patients without ENS and symptomatic ENS patients had lower nasal resistance and larger cross-sectional areas around the inferior turbinate compared to healthy controls. 

   - However, ENS patients exhibited significantly less airflow in the inferior meatus but more airflow in the middle meatus compared to both healthy controls and aggressive ITR patients without symptoms.

   - This imbalance in airflow distribution suggests altered nasal aerodynamics in ENS patients.

2. **Wall Shear Stress**:

   - ENS patients had significantly lower wall shear stress in the inferior meatus, indicating reduced interaction between airflow and the nasal mucosa in this region.

   - This contrasts with both aggressive ITR patients without ENS and healthy controls, who had more evenly distributed shear stress.

3. **Mucosal Sensory Function**:

   - ENS patients showed significantly impaired trigeminal sensory function, as indicated by lower menthol LDTs, compared to both aggressive ITR patients without symptoms and healthy controls.

   - Interestingly, aggressive ITR patients without ENS had slightly better sensory function compared to healthy controls, a surprising finding that may warrant further investigation.

#### **Conclusions**

- **Link Between Turbinate Reduction and ENS**: The study supports that aggressive ITR can alter nasal airflow patterns and mucosal function, which may contribute to ENS development. However, ENS symptoms are not solely attributable to the degree of turbinate reduction as similar degrees of turbinate reduction were observed in both ENS patients and those without symptoms.

- **Nasal Aerodynamics and Sensory Function**: The combination of distorted nasal aerodynamics and impaired mucosal sensory function appears to play a significant role in the development of ENS symptoms. ENS patients showed an abnormal distribution of airflow and reduced sensory feedback, which may contribute to their symptoms.

- **Implications for Surgery**: The findings suggest that while aggressive ITR can alter nasal airflow, careful consideration of how these changes impact mucosal function is crucial in preventing ENS. Balancing airflow distribution and preserving sensory function could be key in improving surgical outcomes and avoiding ENS.

#### **Key Learnings**

- **Airflow Dynamics**: Disrupted airflow patterns in ENS patients indicate that the condition may arise from more complex interactions between nasal anatomy and airflow, rather than just the extent of turbinate reduction.

- **Sensory Function**: Sensory impairment in ENS patients highlights the importance of maintaining nasal mucosal function during surgery.

- **Further Research**: More research is needed to refine surgical techniques and preventive strategies to mitigate ENS risk, potentially involving a more nuanced approach to turbinate reduction and sensory preservation.

This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ENS and emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to turbinate reduction in nasal surgeries.