This article is an English summary and adapted text extract from Guillaume Buiret's lecture Où en est-on pour le syndrome du nez vide?, focusing on the current understanding of Empty Nose Syndrome, or ENS.
The text below summarizes the medical content of the lecture in a structured form. It is not a verbatim transcript. The source material was based on the automatically generated French captions, which were reviewed and reorganized into a readable summary.
Buiret discusses ENS pathophysiology, TRPM8 receptors, altered nasal airflow, ENS6Q, the cotton test, CT findings, prevention, medical treatment, surgical reconstruction, fat injections, stem cells, computational fluid dynamics, artificial intelligence and future personalized implants.
Guillaume Buiret: Où en est-on pour le syndrome du nez vide?
Lecture overview
Buiret presents Empty Nose Syndrome as a real postoperative condition in which severe symptoms can occur despite a very open nasal cavity.
TRPM8-related somatosensory signaling and altered airflow dynamics are presented as important explanations for paradoxical nasal obstruction.
ENS6Q and the cotton test are emphasized as practical clinical tools, while technical investigations may provide additional support.
The lecture discusses conservative treatment, rehabilitation, psychological support, reconstructive surgery, regenerative medicine and personalized implants.
Empty Nose Syndrome as a real and invisible iatrogenic condition
Buiret begins by addressing one of the long-standing controversies surrounding Empty Nose Syndrome: whether the condition truly exists.
An ENS patient may look completely normal from the outside while experiencing severe breathing-related symptoms. There is often no visible external injury that reflects the intensity of the patient's suffering.
The paradox becomes particularly striking during nasal examination. A patient may report severe obstruction, air hunger or an inability to sense airflow while the nasal cavities appear unusually open.
Buiret describes ENS as an iatrogenic condition, meaning that it occurs following medical or surgical treatment.
He also notes that symptoms may begin very early in some patients, including soon after surgery or after nasal packing is removed, while in other patients the clinical picture may become clearer later.
Two major mechanisms: TRPM8 dysfunction and altered airflow
1. Nasal somatosensation and TRPM8
The first mechanism discussed concerns the sensory system of the nose.
Buiret highlights TRPM8 receptors, particularly in the region of the anterior inferior turbinate. These receptors respond to cooling and contribute to the brain's perception that air is moving through the nose.
If functional tissue in this region is removed or damaged, sensory information reaching the brain may be reduced.
A patient may therefore experience severe obstruction or an unsatisfying sensation of breathing even though the nasal airway is mechanically wide open.
2. Airflow can become abnormal
The second mechanism involves the way air travels through the nasal cavity.
Buiret presents examples from computational fluid dynamics, or CFD, in which a patient's nasal anatomy is reconstructed from CT imaging and airflow is simulated digitally.
In an example involving unilateral ENS, the healthier side shows a more regular airflow distribution and lower velocity. The operated side shows a different pattern, with higher velocity in some regions and reduced airflow in others.
TRPM8 and CFD do not explain every case
Buiret also stresses that these mechanisms do not explain every patient.
He refers to people who have undergone extensive nasal surgery for cancer and may have lost large amounts of normal intranasal anatomy without developing ENS.
This suggests that individual susceptibility and additional mechanisms are likely involved.
ENS6Q and the cotton test
A six-item questionnaire designed around symptoms commonly associated with Empty Nose Syndrome.
Cotton is placed inside the nasal cavity to temporarily restore volume and determine whether symptoms improve.
Separate questionnaires may be used for anxiety and depression because ENS6Q does not measure the full psychological burden of the condition.
The six symptoms assessed by ENS6Q
- Nasal dryness.
- Reduced sensation of airflow during inspiration.
- A feeling of suffocation.
- A sensation of too much air or excessively cold air.
- Nasal crusting.
- Burning pain.
In the lecture, Buiret states that an ENS6Q score of at least 11 points is used as a threshold supporting ENS according to the questionnaire's validation.
How the cotton test is performed
Buiret describes shaping ordinary cotton into a small piece of approximately two by one centimeters and placing it inside the nasal cavity.
The patient then breathes with the cotton in place for roughly 15 to 20 minutes or longer.
A reduction of at least seven ENS6Q points is described as a positive response.
Rhinomanometry and CT imaging
Buiret refers to French recommendations and explains that additional technical testing is not required in every patient for the clinical diagnosis of ENS.
When rhinomanometry is performed, however, it may demonstrate low nasal resistance.
This illustrates one of the central paradoxes of ENS: the patient may feel severely obstructed while objective mechanical resistance is relatively low.
The serpentine sign on CT
Buiret also discusses a radiological finding known as the serpentine sign.
It involves increased soft-tissue thickness along the nasal septum in patients who have also lost turbinate tissue.
In the study discussed during the lecture, a measurement of approximately 1.94 millimeters together with turbinate tissue loss was reported as a highly specific finding for ENS.
How common is Empty Nose Syndrome?
One of the most important points in the lecture is that the true prevalence remains unknown.
According to Buiret, current data do not establish whether ENS occurs after approximately one in ten, one in one hundred, one in one thousand or one in ten thousand turbinate procedures.
Buiret explains that French health authorities recommended the creation of a prospective ENS registry in 2022, but such a registry had not yet been established at the time of the lecture.
He therefore describes a research project using French health-insurance data and the Health Data Hub to identify possible ENS cases indirectly.
One strategy would be to identify patients who have an unusually high number of ENT visits after turbinate surgery.
New recurring contacts with psychiatry and respiratory medicine could also be examined, while excluding patients who already had such contacts before surgery.
This approach would not provide a perfect clinical diagnosis for every individual, but it could help estimate the scale of the problem.
Prevention and patient information before turbinate surgery
Prevention is one of the strongest recurring themes in Buiret's presentation.
He refers to French HAS recommendations and highlights two points regarding surgery involving the inferior turbinates.
According to Buiret's presentation of the recommendations, removal of more than roughly one third of the anterior inferior turbinate should be avoided.
Buiret states that, according to the recommendations he presents, septoplasty and turbinoplasty should not be performed simultaneously.
He returns to these points near the end of the lecture and emphasizes that prevention is preferable to attempting reconstruction after ENS has developed.
Should patients be warned about ENS?
During the question-and-answer section, Buiret is asked whether patients should always receive information before turbinate surgery.
He responds that information is mandatory and refers both to professional recommendations and to HAS.
According to his answer, the possibility of developing Empty Nose Syndrome should be specifically discussed when surgery involving the turbinates is planned.
Menthol, hyaluronic acid, PRP and PDRN
Buiret connects different therapeutic approaches to the mechanisms discussed earlier in the lecture.
Menthol
Menthol is discussed as a way of stimulating remaining TRPM8 receptors. It does not physically increase nasal resistance but may increase the perception of airflow.
Saline and mucosal care
Physiological saline and local care may be used to help manage crusting, dryness and irritation.
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic-acid products may be used for mucosal care. Injections can also temporarily restore volume and may serve as a functional test before more durable reconstruction.
PRP and PDRN
Buiret discusses clinical experience from Korea involving PRP and combinations of PRP with PDRN, while clearly distinguishing clinical experience from controlled scientific evidence.
Menthol as sensory stimulation
Buiret describes the possibility of short periods of menthol stimulation several times per day as a form of sensory training.
This should be understood as a summary of what was discussed in the lecture, not as an individualized medical prescription.
Hyaluronic-acid injections as a functional test
Hyaluronic-acid injections are relatively easy to perform, but the added volume is temporary.
Buiret therefore describes using them partly as a test: if symptoms improve when volume is temporarily restored, the patient may be more likely to benefit from a more durable augmentation procedure.
PRP and PDRN: interesting but uncertain evidence
Buiret describes visits to Busan and Seoul where Professor Kwon demonstrated surgical and injection techniques.
Kwon had reportedly used PRP alone but was relatively disappointed with the results and later combined PRP with PDRN.
PDRN is described in the lecture as a substance derived from salmon DNA fragments and used with the intention of supporting tissue repair.
Breathing rehabilitation and physical activity
Breathing rehabilitation with a physiotherapist and adapted physical activity are also discussed as possible components of multidisciplinary care.
They are not presented as methods capable of recreating removed turbinate tissue, but as approaches that may support function and symptom management.
Anxiety and depression: consequences rather than the cause of ENS
Buiret devotes an important part of the lecture to mental health.
He considers psychological and psychiatric support potentially very important for severely affected ENS patients, but stresses that the way this support is presented matters.
If the patient is told that the disease is simply psychological and is then sent to psychiatry, the therapeutic relationship may fail.
Buiret refers to a randomized controlled study comparing antidepressant treatment combined with cognitive behavioral therapy with placebo without equivalent therapy.
Anxiety and depression scores improved, and ENS6Q also decreased, but the ENS symptoms did not disappear.
The distinction is important: psychological or psychiatric treatment may help reduce the overall burden of disease, but it does not recreate removed nasal anatomy or reverse the underlying nasal injury.
Surgical reconstruction: restoring volume to the nasal cavity
The surgical concept discussed by Buiret is known as the inferior meatus augmentation procedure, or IMAP.
The principle is to restore volume in the anterior nasal cavity, close to the region where the anterior inferior turbinate would normally be located and along the lateral nasal wall.
According to Buiret's description of the HAS recommendations, symptoms should generally have persisted for at least six months before reconstructive surgery is considered.
Rib cartilage
Several implant materials have been used.
Buiret describes autologous rib cartilage as an established option because it provides relatively durable volume and does not carry the same foreign-body rejection risk as synthetic material.
Some resorption may still occur.
He shows a surgical video from Professor Zhang in Seoul in which a pocket is created along the lateral nasal wall and rib cartilage is inserted to restore volume in the region of the missing inferior turbinate.
Other implant materials
Buiret also mentions Medpor, hydroxyapatite and Bio-Oss.
Foreign materials may have a greater risk of complications such as extrusion or rejection compared with the patient's own tissue.
He also describes collaboration with a laboratory in Bordeaux focused on tissue engineering and future implants that could potentially provide both volume and biological support to the mucosa.
Fat injections and Buiret's patient series
Buiret also uses the patient's own fat according to the Coleman technique.
The fat is injected mainly into the region of the anterior inferior turbinate, but may also be placed along the lateral wall and nasal floor.
More than one treatment session may be required because some of the injected volume can be lost over time.
In the lecture, Buiret presents a series of eleven consecutive ENS patients treated using this approach.
Buiret describes the change as statistically significant and clinically interesting.
The results had, according to the lecture, been published in the journal of the French ENT society.
Why does reconstruction help some patients but not others?
Results vary considerably.
Some patients improve substantially without becoming completely symptom-free. Others obtain little or no benefit.
Buiret suggests that individual anatomy and individual airflow dynamics are likely important reasons for this variability.
This leads directly to the next area of research: personalized surgical planning.
Stem cells as a future ENS treatment
One future research direction concerns cell-based therapies.
Buiret describes one of the randomized controlled ENS studies discussed in the lecture, comparing conventional Coleman fat injection with fat enriched with stem cells.
ENS6Q improved more in the group receiving stem-cell-enriched material.
CFD, artificial intelligence and digital twins
One of the most forward-looking sections of the lecture concerns personalized nasal implants.
A major limitation of current reconstruction is that a similar implant shape and location may help one patient but produce little benefit in another.
Buiret's research approach therefore aims to use the patient's own CT scan to create a digital twin of the nasal cavity.
How the concept works
- The patient's nasal anatomy is digitally reconstructed from CT imaging.
- Airflow is calculated using computational fluid dynamics.
- Many different implant shapes, sizes and positions are generated digitally.
- Artificial intelligence is used to evaluate how each option alters airflow.
- The most promising configurations can potentially be identified before actual surgery.
Buiret demonstrates a proof-of-concept involving a patient in whom only the root of the inferior turbinate remains.
Thousands of potential implants are simulated digitally.
Interestingly, the conventionally expected lateral implant position did not produce the best simulated airflow in this particular patient.
The best computational result came from a relatively small implant positioned closer to the nasal septum.
At the time of the lecture, this remained a theoretical simulation and the proposed implant position had not yet been surgically tested.
The next research step described by Buiret involves approximately 40 already segmented CT scans together with additional material from Korea.
Ethical approval and clinical studies would then be required to determine whether computational predictions correspond to real patient outcomes.
International collaboration
Buiret describes an international research network involving Valence, Seoul, Busan, Mines Paris-Saclay and CNRS, as well as contacts in Ulm and Bordeaux focusing on biomaterials and tissue engineering.
Main conclusions from Guillaume Buiret's ENS lecture
- Empty Nose Syndrome should not be denied. Buiret presents ENS as a real iatrogenic condition.
- A very open nasal cavity does not exclude ENS. Paradoxical obstruction is a central feature of the syndrome.
- TRPM8 and altered airflow provide biological explanatory models. They probably do not explain every aspect of the disease.
- ENS6Q and the cotton test are used clinically. Rhinomanometry and CT imaging may provide additional information.
- The true prevalence remains unknown. Better prospective epidemiological data are needed.
- Prevention is crucial. Buiret repeatedly emphasizes caution when operating on the inferior turbinates.
- Mental health problems should be treated without using them to dismiss ENS.
- Reconstructive surgery can improve symptoms in some patients. Outcomes remain variable and complete symptom resolution is not guaranteed.
- Stem cells and tissue engineering are promising research areas.
- Personalized implants may become an important future approach. CFD, AI and digital twins could help determine implant size and position for each patient.
- Patients should receive information before turbinate surgery. Buiret states during the question period that the risk of ENS should be discussed.
Frequently asked questions about Empty Nose Syndrome
What is Empty Nose Syndrome?
Empty Nose Syndrome is a postoperative condition most commonly discussed after surgery that reduces or removes turbinate tissue. Patients can experience dryness, burning, suffocation sensations, impaired airflow perception and paradoxical nasal obstruction despite having a very open nasal cavity.
Can someone have ENS even if the nose is physically wide open?
Yes. This paradox is one of the central themes of Buiret's lecture. Mechanical openness does not necessarily produce a normal sensation of breathing because airflow distribution and nasal sensory signaling also contribute to nasal airflow perception.
What is ENS6Q?
ENS6Q is a six-item symptom questionnaire developed specifically for Empty Nose Syndrome. It evaluates dryness, reduced airflow sensation, suffocation, a feeling of excessive or cold air, crusting and burning.
What is the cotton test for Empty Nose Syndrome?
The cotton test temporarily adds volume inside the nasal cavity. Symptoms are assessed before and after cotton placement. Improvement can suggest that changing nasal volume and airflow distribution may be beneficial.
What role does TRPM8 play in nasal breathing?
TRPM8 receptors respond to cooling and are involved in the sensory perception of nasal airflow. Buiret discusses reduced stimulation of these receptors as one possible mechanism contributing to the abnormal breathing sensation experienced in ENS.
Does anxiety cause Empty Nose Syndrome?
In Buiret's presentation, anxiety and depression are described as possible consequences of ENS rather than the underlying cause of the nasal condition. Psychological treatment may reduce the overall burden of illness but does not restore removed nasal tissue.
What treatments for ENS does Buiret discuss?
The lecture discusses mucosal care, saline, menthol stimulation, hyaluronic acid, PRP and PDRN, breathing rehabilitation, psychological support, reconstructive implants, rib cartilage, fat injections, stem-cell-enriched treatment and future tissue-engineering approaches.
Can fat injections improve Empty Nose Syndrome?
Buiret presents a small series of 11 patients treated with autologous fat injections. Median ENS6Q decreased from 16 to 9, and six patients fell below the diagnostic ENS6Q threshold. Results nevertheless varied between individuals.
Are stem cells already an established ENS treatment?
No. In the lecture they are presented as a promising research direction rather than established routine treatment. Further clinical research is needed.
What are CFD and digital twins in ENS research?
Computational fluid dynamics can simulate airflow through a patient's reconstructed nasal cavity. A digital twin can then be used to virtually test different implant shapes and positions before surgery. Artificial intelligence may help identify the most promising configuration.
Should patients be warned about Empty Nose Syndrome before turbinate surgery?
During the question-and-answer section of the lecture, Buiret states that patients should be informed about the possibility of ENS before surgery involving the turbinates. For legal use, the exact wording should be checked against the original French recommendations.
Can reconstructive surgery completely cure ENS?
Not necessarily. Buiret explains that some patients improve considerably, while others obtain limited benefit. Current reconstruction aims to improve nasal volume and airflow, but it cannot necessarily recreate the original turbinate tissue, innervation and mucosal function.
Source limitations
This article is an edited English summary of Guillaume Buiret's presentation and should be read as such.
The underlying transcript was generated from automatic French captions and subsequently reviewed and reorganized. Minor transcription or interpretation errors may therefore remain.
Exact numerical values, individual study findings and statements concerning French HAS recommendations should be checked against the original research paper or recommendation document before being used as medical, scientific or legal evidence.





